7. Treatment Centre Management

7.1 Staff training and support:
The centre has the appropriately qualified, skilled and supervised staff to deliver the best possible service in an ethical manner.

7.1.1 Staff qualifications and registration:
Facilities employ only professional, accredited and administrative staff with the appropriate accredited and recognized professional qualifications. All professional staff are appropriately registered with an official professional or accrediting body.

Notes and examples: Such official bodies include the Health Professions Council of South Africa, the South African Nursing Council or the South African Council for Social Work Professionals, and addiction counsellors with the approved accreditation and registration bodies.

7.1.2 Accredited addiction counsellors:
Addiction counsellors are accredited and have specialist skills to assess, inform, motivate, counsel, educate and assist patients/clients at the centre. Addiction counsellors may work only under the supervision of professionals.

Notes and examples: Addiction counsellors should be able to demonstrate core competencies in order to be accredited and registered with a recognized training and registration body.

7.1.3 Core competencies:
All staff (professional and accredited) endeavour to have the skills and competencies to undertake the following in individual and group patient/client treatment. These competencies are the minimum requirements for professional health, social services and addiction counsellors.

a) Screening to establish whether the patient/client is appropriate for the programme.
b) Intake – Administrative and initial assessment procedures.
c) Orientation of the patient/client.
d) Assessment – For the development of a treatment plan.
e) Treatment planning, including special needs planning (children and adolescents, the elderly, disabled).
f) Counselling (individual, group and family).
g) Individual case management/treatment.
h) Crisis intervention – Acute emotional or physical distress.
i) Client education.
j) Referral – If the patient’s/client’s needs are not being addressed by the programme.
k) Reports and record keeping.
l) Consultation with other professionals on client treatment services.

Notes and examples: Accreditation for addiction counsellors should be subject to such counsellors possessing these core competencies. Accreditation- related training should equip counsellors with such competencies.

7.1.4 Substance abuse status:
All staff at the centre, including addiction staff and volunteers, are subject to clear policy and procedures and ethical guidelines regarding their use of substances and subsequent employment at the centre. For example:

a) No staff member should be actively abusing substances.
b) Addiction counsellors should have been drug free for a minimum period of three years before being employed in a treatment capacity. This includes staff members who have relapsed after a period of abstinence.
c) No staff member receives treatment at the centre for his/her own addiction problems or relapse.
d) No patient/client or recently released patient/client becomes involved in the counselling or treatment of other patients/clients.

Notes and examples: While it may be difficult to regulate and measure, all staff should be encouraged to demonstrate appropriate stress release, emotional maturity, healthy lifestyles (e.g. no smoking and appropriate use of alcohol) and positive interpersonal communication. Staff should be discouraged from engaging in any addictive behaviours such as smoking and pathological gambling – this may be included in the centre’s code of ethics. Medical staff, with a history of substance dependency and access to medicines and other psychoactive substances, may need additional recovery time before they are able to resume unsupervised medical duties.

7.1.5 Volunteers:
The centre has documented policies and procedures to regulate the roles of volunteers. All volunteers are subject to the same regulations as staff regarding substance-free status and ethical conduct. This includes

a) not undertaking any treatment activities unless they have the necessary professional or accredited qualifications and registration;
b) signing a code of conduct and respecting confidentiality;
c) avoiding financial exploitation and abuse or unregulated employment;
d) meeting minimum requirements for training and supervision in accordance with the tasks undertaken and competencies needed.

7.1.6 Staff conduct:
All staff adhere to an up-to-date, documented code of ethical conduct that identifies professional boundaries and responsibilities and the consequences of their violation.

7.1.7 Staff development policy and planning:
The centre has a documented, up-to-date staff development strategy/policy and plan to train and develop staff to offer adequate treatment.

Notes and examples: Staff development activities should be planned and scheduled and should take advantage of available resources and opportunities (e.g. as available from the Health, Social Development and Labour Departments, NGOs, local services and private practitioners).

7.1.8 In-service training:
The centre has a documented plan and evidence of attendance at regular staff development training on ongoing patient/client and treatment needs. This could include training in the following areas.

a) General substance dependency, treatment and rehabilitation issues, including new and up-to-date evidence-based interventions.
b) First aid and medical emergencies.
c) Crisis intervention, including rape and other traumas.
d) Counselling skills development.
e) Patient/Client confidentiality
f) Patient/Client rights and treatment ethics.
g) HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and other related medical conditions (e.g. hepatitis).
h) Common mental health problems (e.g. depression, suicide, psychoses, eating disorders).
i) Care of children and adolescents.
j) Crisis management, including managing aggression and disturbed/intoxicated patients/clients.
k) Sensitivity towards and skills in responding to sexual abuse/incest and harassment.
l) Cultural sensitivity and racial diversity.
m) Gangs.

Notes and examples: Such training should ideally be offered by the centre, but provision should be made for centres that do not have the staff or skills to provide such training internally.

7.1.9 External training:
The centre encourages staff to participate in ongoing external training education and professional development.

Note and examples: This includes attending workshops and conferences. Whenever possible, staff are kept informed about available courses and key developments in the service or profession. The centre supports professional staff in obtaining accredited educational updates in respect of their professional registration requirements

7.1.10 Clinical/Case supervision:
All addiction and professional staff require regular, skilled clinical/case supervision provided by a more experienced or skilled professional person.

Notes and examples: All staff should have an opportunity to discuss regularly their cases with other health and social services professionals. Individual or group supervision is advised.

7.1.11 Employment assistance:
The emotional, mental health and crisis- related needs of staff are recognized. A minimum requirement here is a regular staff support group to discuss problems and issues related to staff members’ work and associated interpersonal and personal issues.

Notes and examples: This includes access to and/or the provision of counsellors and support groups to assist staff to cope with “burnout”, work-related stress, their own substance abuse-related issues and critical incidents (e.g. physical assault, sexual harassment).

7.1.12 Research:
The centre has clear ethical guidelines for any academic or product-orientated research undertaken at the centre. Staff are encouraged when appropriate to initiate, support and take part in relevant and ethical research.

a) If such research involves the patient/clients, their informed consent is essential. Research is not conducted on an involuntary/uninformed basis (e.g. “drug trials”).
b) Staff are encouraged to initiate quality, outcome-based research and studies to evaluate the acceptability and effectiveness of the treatment offered.

Notes and examples: Centre-initiated research is encouraged but cannot be a minimum criterion for most centres.

7.2 Environment and amenities
The environment and physical structures of the centre are safe and alcohol and drug free, and they support adequate residential care and treatment.

7.2.1 Legislation:
The centre ensures that its amenities and physical environment comply with environmental health, statutory health and safety requirements as well as fire regulations

7.2.2 Designation:
The building/location used by the centre is dedicated solely to treatment services, and has been designated and authorized for this sole function by the local authority.

Notes and examples: Treatment centre buildings may not have been originally designed for this purpose, e.g. former school, hotel or residential facilities, but should be adequately redesigned for such services. A centre must have authorization from the local authority to practise as a dedicated centre in the particular site/location (i.e. zoning) and must meet environmental health and statutory safety requirements

7.2.3 Policies and procedures:
Documented, up-to-date policies and procedures ensure a safe environment for all people using and accessing the facility, i.e. patients/clients, staff and the public. These procedures cover the following topics.

a) Ensuring an alcohol and drug-free environment.
b) Fire safety, including fire drills and functional fire extinguishers.
c) Storage of hazardous waste.
d) Weapon control and removal.
e) Managing aggressive/disturbed behaviour.
f) Hazardous areas such as swimming pools/open water, roofs and cliffs.
g) Hygiene and pest control.
h) Prevention of violence and sexual abuse.
i) Access for the physically disabled.
j) Smoke-free environment.

7.2.4 Emergency plans:
Documented, up-to-date and regularly tested and reviewed emergency plans specify the following:

a) Floor plan of centre.
b) Action in event of fire, bomb threat or power failure.
c) Evacuation procedures.
d) Response to medical and psychiatric emergencies

7.2.5 Safety inspections:
Regular, documented health and fire safety inspections are performed by the relevant authorities.

7.2.6 Space:
There are adequate and appropriate spaces in the centre and its grounds for treatment activities, relaxation, solitude, recreation and exercise.

a) Patient/Client rooms: The minimum floor space of any patient/client rooms is 10 m2 with a minimum wall length of 2,6 m.
b) Space between beds: A minimum of 900 mm between the sides of any adjacent patient/client beds, 1 200 mm between the foot of any bed and the opposite wall, or 1 500 mm between the foot of any bed and the opposite bed.
c) Recreation: An indoor space of at least 20 m2 is available for recreation purposes.
d) Outdoors: Patients/Clients have access to adequate outdoor recreation space.

7.2.7 Special care and examination facilities:
Private rooms or wards are provided as special care and examination rooms for medical procedures/examinations, emergencies and detoxification. In type A centres, a separate special care and examination room is available. The room(s)are

a) easily accessible to medical and nursing staff for supervision and observation;
b) equipped with functioning medical and emergency equipment, according to the centre’s Scope of Practice and Provincial Department of Health requirements (see Section 11.10);
c) safe so as to prevent self-harm or injury (e.g. medicines and equipment safely locked away);
d) comfortable and calm so as to allow patients/clients to relax in comfort during detoxification.

7.2.8 Drug and weapon-free environment:
The centre, its grounds and facilities are free of alcohol, illicit/illegal psychoactive substances and any weapons. This is supported and regulated by appropriate rights-based policy and procedures. Mechanisms exist to monitor and regulate

a) centre access, including Admission procedures;
b) the distribution and potential concealment of substances/weapons;
c) the investigation of and searching for substances/weapons;
d) the control of legitimate medication within the centre.

7.2.9 Searching and confiscation:
The centre has mechanisms and procedures to regulate and monitor any searching for weapons or substances on the premises in a rights-sensitive manner. This includes the documented and advertised right to confiscate illegal substances and weapons immediately, with or without the patients’/clients’ or visitors’ consent. Safeguards to protect patients’/clients’ and their visitors rights cover the following:

a) Whenever possible, all searching of patients’/clients’ private belongings and parcels occurs only in the presence of the patients/clients, and only by professional or accredited staff.
b) Patients/Clients are informed of such searching practices and consent to them as part of their orientation at the centre. Likewise, visitors are clearly warned about such practices
c) The bodily integrity of patients/clients and their visitors is not violated by routine or unauthorized bodily searches. In extreme circumstances, patients/clients may be physically searched only with the authorization of the interdisciplinary team and only by a staff member of their own gender.

Notes and examples: All illegal substances and illegal weapons should be immediately destroyed, or, in the case of firearms, given to the local police

7.2.10 Locked areas:
Locked areas may be used in the centre only for the safe keeping of hazardous, valuable and confidential material and for the security protection of patients/clients and staff against crime and theft.

7.2.11 Residential and therapeutic amenities:
The centre provides an acceptable residential environment that enhances the positive self-image of patients/clients and preserves their human dignity. This covers the following:

a) Clean, well-ventilated, adequately heated, well-lit treatment and residential areas.
b) Each patient/client has his/her own sturdily constructed bed with adequate bedding.
c) Windows that can open, with curtains and/or blinds.
d) Optimum number of patients’/clients’ beds per room to avoid overcrowding.
e) Access to clean linen, towels and toilet paper.
f) Permission to display appropriate personal belongings/decorations that support a substance-free culture.
g) Adequate security against theft and crime, such as perimeter fencing and burglar bars.
h) Toilets and showers/baths in good repair.
i) Sufficient bathrooms and toilet facilities: at least 1 toilet to every 8 patients/clients and 1 bath and shower to every 12 patients/clients.

7.3 Family support and involvement:
The centre encourages the support and participation of the patients’/clients’ families and caregivers as an essential and integral component of treatment and rehabilitation.

7.3.1 Policies and procedures:
Various policies and procedures guide, regulate and encourage the involvement of patients’/clients’ families and caregivers in the treatment process. These policies cover the following issues.

a) Appropriate involvement of families and caregivers.
b) Confidentiality and disclosure.
c) Involvement of parents of children and adolescents.

Notes and examples: This should include clearly stipulated instances when families and caregivers should be contacted, e.g. to gather collateral information for the comprehensive assessment and admission criteria for children and adolescents.

7.3.2 Practical support:
Practical support is provided to assist families and caregivers to participate in the treatment process. This support includes follow-up telephone calls and financial support for transport to visit the centre.

Notes and examples: Centres located in isolated locations may have to make provision for visits by families and caregivers, e.g. by providing guestrooms and houses.

7.3.3 Family/Caregiver interview:
Unless specifically contra-indicated, at least one family/caregiver interview is held as part of the patients’/clients’ assessment and/or treatment plans. The interview is documented in the case records.

7.3.4 Caregiver assessment and support:
Information is sought from and support offered to families and caregivers to address their problems and needs. The following issues are sensitively and routinely explored.

a) Specific needs and conditions of patients’/clients’ children and dependants.
b) Active sexual and domestic abuse within the family, especially of women, children and the elderly.
c) Identification of other family members abusing substances within the family and the impact of this on patient/client recovery.
d) Support for families and caregivers to cope with co-dependency and living with patients’/clients’ substance abuse (e.g. referral to ALANON).
e) Support groups at the centre (e.g. Saturday morning family support groups)
f) Support for families and caregivers to address other mental health and developmental problems within the family (e.g. depression and scholastic difficulties).
g) Support and referrals for legal advice or counsel (e.g. Legal Aid).
h) Social welfare-related needs and support available to the family and caregivers (e.g. child support grants)

7.3.5 Family/Caregiver therapy and counselling:
Whenever feasible and indicated, the centre provides family therapy/counselling to address longstanding maladaptive interactions/relations within the family as well as new issues related to the reincorporation of the patient/client into the family and community.

7.4. Documentation, monitoring and evaluation
Treatment and other service delivery activities are recorded and documented to ensure regular monitoring, evaluation and quality of care.

Individual case records

7.4.1 Individual files/folders:
All patients/clients have their own permanent, separate patient/client files/folders for their case records.

7.4.2 Confidentiality:
The centre has policies and procedures to ensure that confidentiality is protected in all documentation processes in accordance with relevant legislation and regulations.

7.4.3 Document safety and privacy:
Case records and other patient/client information are securely stored and transported, and only authorized persons have access to information about patients/clients.

a) Confidential case material is never available for public display.
b) Whenever possible, permission is sought from patients/clients when confidential information and material is shared with bona fide health/social services professionals operating outside the centre (e.g. referral agents) or parents/guardians or school/educational authorities in the case of children and adolescents.
c) Case records or reports are stored in secure cupboards and transported in sealed envelopes.
d) Attendance registers are treated with the same degree of confidentiality.
e) Case records or information managed through computer information systems are secure and confidential.

Notes and examples: Staff should ensure that patients/clients are aware, from admission, that all evaluations and therapy/counselling contents and documentation are handled in a respectful and confidential manner and that such material is shared with the centre’s interdisciplinary team case management process.

Patients/Clients may sign a waiver on admission to permit the sharing of confidential material. Confidential case material may have to be shared with external agents without the patients’/clients’ permission in medical/psychiatric emergencies and at post-release. These issues are covered in the centre’s confidentiality policy and ethical code.

7.4.4 Comprehensive records:
Case records are a comprehensive factual and sequential record of patients’/clients’ condition and the treatment and support offered.

a) Entries are signed legibly (clear name and professional designation) and dated.
b) The diagnosis given to patients/clients is clearly indicated in the records.
c) Details are provided of all patients’/clients’ individualized (developmental) treatment plans, including assessment, results of other tests or procedures, and range of treatments and interventions undertaken, other agencies or organizations involved, relevant correspondence (including relevant telephone calls), ongoing progress and release planning.
d) Notes are taken of interdisciplinary case conferences, consultations and feedback on participation in group treatment programmes.
e) Daily nursing care records are kept and included in the case records.

7.4.5 Continuity of care:
Case records and information are available to facilitate continuity of care. Adequate referral letters and release reports are produced in an accurate and timely manner.

7.4.6 Documentation procedures and protocols:
The centre has documented protocols and procedures to guide staff in the collection and recording of case records.

Service improvement and monitoring

7.4.7 Record quality:
The centre monitors its performance through a regular internal audit (at least annually) of its case records in order to improve performance.

7.4.8 Data collection and reporting:
The centre collects accurate qualitative and quantitative data that is openly reported and communicated to the governing body, referral sources and relevant role players (such as SACENDU). This data supports the monitoring and evaluation of key service and demographic indicators.

The data covers the following:

a) Demographic and patient profiles.
b) Number of patients/clients to determine patient/staff ratios and occupancy rates.
c) Critical incidents.
d) Number of detoxifications
e) Length of stay.
f) Number of therapeutic/counselling encounters (to estimate level of participation).
g) Length of time spent on waiting list.
h) Patient/Client treatment evaluations.

7.5 Target groups
The centre seeks to ensure that the special needs and rights of target groups, i.e. vulnerable patients/clients, are addressed in its services.

7.5.1 Staff competencies:
All staff members (administrative, professional and accredited) are sensitized to and receive basic education on the specific needs and rights of vulnerable target groups. Professional and accredited staff should be competent to provide specific assessment and counselling for vulnerable groups (e.g. HIV/AIDS counselling). Vulnerable target groups included here are children and adolescents, people with HIV/AIDS and women.

Notes and examples: There are many other vulnerable groups whose specific needs should be recognized. They include people from disadvantaged communities, those with co-morbid psychiatric conditions, those who are not conversant in English or Afrikaans, the chronically institutionalized, those with disabilities, the homeless (including street children) and the elderly

Children and adolescents

7.5.2 Rights and principles:
The rights and special protection of children are defined by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (ratified by South Africa in 1995) and the Bill of Rights of the South African Constitution. These rights are upheld in the Draft of the Minimum Standards for Child and Youth Care Systems (1997), which applies to care and treatment provided to children and adolescents, including those in registered treatment centres. Key principles here are:

a) The best interests of children.
b) The survival and optimal development of children.
c) The fair and equitable treatment of children.
d) Protection of children from unfair discrimination.
e) Participation of children in meaningful decision making in all matters that concern them.

Notes and examples. The term children has been used in this document to cover children under the age of 18 years. This includes adolescents and teenagers, which is the only appropriate child age group that should be treated at centres.

7.5.3 Rights in residential care:
These rights state that children and adolescents, including those within care, should

a) be protected from maltreatment, neglect, exploitation, abuse and exposure to violence or any other harmful behaviour;
b) be protected from economic exploitation, illegal labour or any work that places them at risk;
c) not be detained except as a last resort (and according to the provisions made in legislation) and should be kept separately from adults over the age of 18 years, treated in a manner that takes account of their age and developmental needs, have access to legal counsel;
d) have regular access and contact with their families and caregivers (unless a legal order indicates otherwise, or it is not in their best interest or they choose otherwise);
e) receive an assessment of their developmental needs, which are addressed in individualized care;
f) receive family-centred interventions that seek to strengthen family development;
g) respect the rights of parents to be informed about any action or decision taken in a matter concerning the child, which significantly affects the child;
h) have access to education and vocational information and guidance, appropriate to their age, aptitude and ability;
i) have access to basic health care, including confidential access to health promotion and prevention (e.g. HIV/AIDS, sexuality and reproduction);
j) have access to rest and leisure and engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to their age.

7.5.4 Appropriate care:
The centre ensures that all children and adolescents admitted to the centre are correctly placed in terms of the centre’s admission criteria.

7.5.5 Consent to medical treatment:
Appropriate consent, in accordance with current legislation and patients’/clients’ right to privacy, is sought from the children and their parents for all medical procedures. It is essential that children and parents understand the risks and social implications of their choices. This includes consent for

a) admission to the centre,
b) HIV testing,
c) reproductive health interventions (e.g. contraceptives and termination of pregnancy).

7.5.6 Parental involvement:
The centre ensures that parents, families and caregivers are encouraged and assisted to participate in their children’s treatment process. This includes

a)immediately informing them if children fall ill, are injured or are moved or released from a residential facility for any reason;
b)participation of families in the comprehensive assessment and release planning;
c)attendance at family therapy/counselling and family support groups;
d)provision by the centre of ethical guidelines on the types of confidential information and circumstances for the sharing of such information with parents or other authorities (e.g. educational and legal).

The need for parental involvement is noted as part of the admission criteria. When parents are unable to support their children in this manner, either through parental incapacity or neglect, this is referred to the relevant statutory social services for assistance and monitoring.

7.5.7 Developmentally appropriate care:
The centre provides children and adolescents with developmentally appropriate care.

This may include

a) appropriate length-of-stay treatment that does not remove children for longer periods than necessary from their families and school-based education;
b) developmental assessment as part of their comprehensive assessment to identify age-appropriate developmental needs;
c) separate therapy groups, individual sessions and activities that address age-appropriate developmental needs (e.g. education, vocational guidance, peer relations and sexuality);
d) separate sleeping facilities for all children under 12 years of age.

Notes and examples: In the case of younger children, it may be appropriate to have completely separate services, e.g. for adolescents between 12-15/16 years. However, older children and adolescents may benefit from mixed and intergenerational age groups where they may obtain support from older patients/clients and address parent-related issues. Length of stays for children and adolescents should balance rehabilitation needs with the imperative to remove them from their homes, families and schools for the minimum period necessary.

7.5.8 Education:
Adolescents continue to receive educational inputs if they are in a residential facility for more than one month. Educational activities do not interfere, however, with prescribed treatment programme activities.

Notes and examples: The educational input should be accredited with the Department of Education. Centres that admit adolescents for this length of time should liaise with the local education department and the adolescents’ school teachers in accordance with the Policy Framework for the Management of Drug Abuse by Learners in Schools and in Public Further Education and Training Institutions (2000). The length of stay for children and adolescents at centres should not be artificially extended beyond what is necessary for their individual treatment needs as a result of in-house educational programmes. Release planning should include assistance with the reintegration adolescents into the school or other educational facility.

7.5.9 Relationships and communication:
Children and adolescents receive appropriate care and treatment that enables them to develop positive relationships and give effective expression to their emotions.

This includes:

a) Encouragement to identify and express their emotions appropriately.
b) The teaching of effective, positive ways to express and manage emotions and to communicate with and relate to others.
c) Opportunities for positive interactions and relations with peers and staff.
d) Staff demonstration of healthy and effective ways to communicate and express emotions.
e) Encouragement and assistance to restore, maintain and enhance relations with families and caregivers.

7.5.10 Behavioural management:
Children and adolescents are assisted to behave in a constructive and socially acceptable manner. They are not subjected to punitive “discipline”.

Positive support includes:

a) Ensuring that there is adequate information and communication on centre routines (e.g. meal times, wake-up times and bed time), rules, expectations and responsibilities, which facilitates understanding and cooperation.
b) Providing assistance to meet behavioural expectations through skill development and therapeutic support.
c) Staff modelling (demonstration) of expected behaviours and attitudes in their interactions with patients/clients.
d) Ensuring awareness of the consequences of their behaviour in the centre and in their communities/homes.
e) Providing opportunities to demonstrate and practise positive behaviours.

HIV/AIDS and people living with HIV/AIDS

7.5.11 HIV transmission:
The centre follows guidelines and practices for the prevention of HIV transmission.

These guidelines include.

a) HIV/AIDS education as an integral part of the treatment programme
b) Accidental transmission: Universal precautions are taken to prevent HIV transmission. Policies and procedures are in place to treat staff or patients/clients.
c) Safe sexual practices: The centre has a documented and communicated policy and code of conduct on patients’/clients’ sexual behaviour in the centre (e.g. between patients/clients and other patients/clients and between patients/clients and staff members). Prevention of HIV through safe sex and/or sexual abstinence is facilitated by health promotion activities, access to condoms and education on the effect of substances on safe sex decision making.
d) Safe injection practices: Regardless of HIV status, injection drug users are informed about harm reduction techniques and safe injecting practices to reduce the risk of contracting or transmitting the virus.

Notes and examples: The universal precautions undertaken here are also effective against other prevalent infectious diseases such hepatitis B. These precautions include the use of adequate sterilization procedures, surgical gloves and a resuscitation mouthpiece.

7.5.12 Discrimination:
The centre does not discriminate against any applicant or patient/client who is known or suspected to be HIV positive. All assessments of and treatment/counselling for HIV/AIDS is undertaken in a sensitive, non- judgmental and supportive manner that respects the patients’/clients’ rights, sexual preferences and emotional/physical needs.

7.5.13 Confidentiality:
Patient/Client HIV status remains confidential.

7.5.14 Risk assessment:
An assessment of HIV-risk behaviours is part of all patients’/clients’ intake and comprehensive assessment. Based on the findings of this assessment, recommendations are made for further voluntary counselling and testing (VCT). This assessment is undertaken in a sensitive and non-judgmental manner and includes questions on the following:

a) Recent sexual history.
b) Multiple sexual partners and the use of condoms with these partners.
c) Male-to-male sexual partners and the use of condoms with these partners.
d) Recent sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
e) Commercial sexual activities (including the exchange of sex for money) and the use of condoms with these partners.
f) Intravenous drug use, including the sharing of needles, syringes, injection equipment (works), and drug paraphernalia.
g) Patients/Clients who have experienced rape or sexual abuse and may have been exposed to HIV. They include men and women, especially prison inmates

7.5.15 HIV and AIDS testing:
The centre ensures that voluntary HIV/AIDS diagnostic testing and counselling is readily available to all patients/clients either at the centre itself or through access to support services.

Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services meet the following criteria.

a) All HIV and AIDS diagnostic testing occurs in a voluntary manner without coercion.
b) VCT occurs in a private room.
c) VCT is conducted only by trained, qualified staff.
d) Testing and counselling is voluntary and free of coercion.
e) The HIV test and testing procedure is explained to the patients/clients.
f) Informed consent is given before HIV testing takes place.
g) Refusal of VCT services does not prejudice further access to health, social, or substance abuse treatment services.
h) VCT documentation remains strictly private and confidential (e.g. laboratory test results sheets).
i) VCT results are confidential and as such cannot be disclosed to the rest of the staff, other clients, or the patients’/clients’ family members without the patients’/clients’ informed consent.
j) The centre has adequate facilities for ensuring quality control of any specimen tests (e.g. fridge for storing blood samples).

7.5.16 HIV/AIDS post-test counselling:
Post-test counselling, irrespective of the results, addresses ways of reducing HIV risk and transmission of the virus. If people test positive for HIV, counselling

a)supports patients/clients during the personal and emotional impact of the news of their HIV status;
b)provides linkages and appropriate referrals to other support services (e.g. support groups, further counselling, medical treatment);
c)deals with partner notification;
d)deals with ways of remaining healthy;
e)deals with ways of preventing MTC transmission (e.g. use of anti-retroviral drugs and formula feeding) in the case of pregnant women who are HIV positive;
f)deals with safe injection practices.

7.5.17 Provision of medical treatment:
The centre refers HIV-positive patients/clients to quality, evidence-based care. This care includes:

a) Provision of anti-retroviral medication where possible.
b) Delivery of high quality HIV/AIDS information and services.
c) Referral to agencies that can provide pregnant women with anti- retroviral medication to prevent MTC transmission.
d) Appropriate diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or referral of people with STIs to STI clinics.
e) Treatment of opportunistic infections associated with HIV or referrals to other treatment services.
f) Health promotion information and assistance, e.g. regarding nutrition and stress management.
g) Continuation of all appropriate prescribed medicines or medical regimes with the approval of the centre’s medical doctor.

7.5.18 Ongoing support and counselling:
Patients’/Clients’ HIV-positive status is incorporated as an integral and integrated part of their treatment planning and support.

Notes and examples: Individual counsellors should seek to provide ongoing support and assistance to address holistically all aspects of patients’/clients’ HIV/AIDS and substance-related recovery needs (e.g. personal and family/caregiver support, spiritual and physical needs). The impact of patients’/clients’ HIV/AIDS status and their substance-related recovery should be sensitively understood and explored. Counsellors should therefore be skilled and equipped to deal with HIV/AIDS related issues as part of their treatment interventions.

WOMEN

7.5.19 Principles and values:
The centre seeks to ensure that it offers gender – sensitive treatment for women.

This covers the following:

a) The social, gender and economic barriers to treatment for women are recognized (e.g. stigma facing women who abuse substances and the lack of an independent income to pay for treatment).
b) Treatment supports the empowerment of women and does not reinforce gender stereotypes. It also encourages a woman-centred approach (e.g. awareness of women’s social conditions, experience of inequality and the victimization embedded in women’s experiences).
c) Treatment addresses all aspects of a woman’s life, including the practical needs of women (housing, transportation, job training and child care).

7.5.20 Access:
The centre strives to make its services more accessible to women who abuse substances.

For example:

a) The centre does not discriminate against female substance abusers (e.g. male-only treatment programmes).
b) The centre establishes linkages with other organizations serving women (such as Rape Crisis and domestic violence organizations).
c) The centre recognizes the needs of mothers with dependent children and provides support where possible (e.g. more flexible visiting and leave provisions).

7.5.21 Safety and abuse:

The centre offers women a safe environment free from sexual or emotional abuse and negative gender stereotypes. It has policies and procedures to prevent and deal promptly with all incidents of abuse in a sensitive, non-victimizing manner. For example:

a) Rejection by the centre of any court-appointed applicant who has committed a crime of physical or sexual assault against women.
b) Provision of secure and private women-only sleeping and ablution facilities.
c) Reporting to the police of any incident of sexual abuse and removal of staff and patients/clients who are at risk of committing or have committed acts of physical or sexual violence against women.
d) Sensitization of male and female patient/clients to sexual violence and abuse issues and gender-related rights (e.g. a woman’s right to refuse sexual advances and the impact of substance abuse upon impulse control) as part of the treatment programme (e.g. psycho educational and self-help groups).

7.5.22 Assessment and treatment:
The centre conducts screening and post- admission evaluations to ensure that the specific needs/problems of women are addressed. For example:

a) The co-morbid mental health and social conditions/problems commonly experienced by women are assessed (e.g. clinical depression and sexual abuse). The centre ensures that women with such conditions/problems receive adequate care and referral, if required, in accordance with the centre’s Scope of Practice.
b) The needs of pregnant patients/women are assessed and addressed.
c) Treatment is woman focused and addresses the unique issues and needs of female substance abusers (e.g. history of domestic violence and/or physical and sexual abuse).
d) Access is granted to necessary health care, including reproductive health care.
e) The specific needs of women and girls regarding HIV/AIDS transmission (e.g. power in relationships) are addressed.

Notes and examples: The statistically high incidence of co-morbid mental health conditions among women should alert centre staff and referral agents to assess adequately for these conditions.